Biomass boiler systems are key renewable energy technologies used in industrial and institutional applications, but they can suffer from poor system performance because of product moisture, excess-air issues, deficiencies in excess-air control and unchecked blowdowns during performance. The design and implementation needs of an adaptive control framework for energy savings by optimizing thermal efficiency and fuel consumption in a biomass boiler system is discussed. These methods and strategies for assessing boiler efficiency, sensor-based monitoring, embedded data acquisition, combustion control methods and adaptive controls that are applicable to low-cost applications are discussed. Special mention is made of the indirect heat loss method since it allows the operator to detect individual losses based on measurable parameters like flue-gas temperature, oxygen level, carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, humidity and steam flow rate. Alongside that, the paper introduces a practical approach with an ESP32-based acquisition unit and a web dashboard for real-time monitoring, taking the difficulty of interpreting the output of low- cost sensors into account. Progress of the current prototype includes the development of dashboard as well as testing with various gases with the MQ135 sensor, humidity sensor, and flowrate sensor; future testing will involve progressively more accurate gas sensors. The review shows that with adaptive air-fuel regulation and real time estimation of efficiency, operating stability, fuel waste avoidance and cost effectiveness for the small and medium biomass boiler can be achieved.

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