Toward Commercial Viability: A Comprehensive Review of Organic Solar Cell Stability and Scalability

This review paper provides a general overview of Organic Solar Cells (OSCs), more precisely their instability and commercialization challenges. […] Despite significant advances made, with power conversion efficiencies (PCEs) over 20% under laboratory conditions, the biggest challenge for wide-scale commercialization remains poor device stability and scalability. […] Notably, the synergistic effect of optimizing the active layer thickness on stability and cost-effectiveness is discussed. Finally, the paper outlines critical directions for further study, such as the need for standardized test procedures, further material development, and an integrated methodology to accelerate the commercial readiness of OSC technology.