Circular Economy (CE) adoption in material science emphasizes sustainable design and resource recovery through biodegradable polymers, modularity, and cradle-to-cradle (C2C) principles. These innovations aim to extend product lifespans, minimize maintenance, and facilitate material recovery, thereby reducing dependence on virgin resources and limiting waste. This report explores the application of CE principles to e-waste management and metal recovery using technological, environmental, and socio-economic approaches such as recycling technologies, life cycle analysis (LCA), and policy frameworks. Various recycling processes—hydrometallurgical, pyrometallurgical, and bioleaching—offer different advantages and trade-offs. While smelting achieves efficient metal separation, it is energy-intensive and polluting. Hydrometallurgical processes like cyanide and thiosulfate leaching are effective but pose effluent treatment challenges. Bioleaching, using microorganisms such as Acid thiobacillus ferroxidase, provides a low-cost, eco-friendly alternative despite slower processing times. Hybrid pyrolysis-hydrometallurgy methods show promise in optimizing metal recovery efficiency while minimizing environmental impacts. LCA results highlight CE’s superiority over conventional mining, showing energy savings exceeding 8590% in recycled aluminum, copper, and rare earth magnet production. These benefits extend to reduced greenhouse gas emissions, resource conservation, local supply chain resilience, and creation of green jobs. However, challenges persist in developing nations due to informal recycling practices, inadequate facilities, weak enforcement, high technology costs, and low public awareness. Overall, integrating CE into material science represents a transformative pathway toward sustainability, resource efficiency, and environmental protection. With supportive policies, innovation, and civic engagement, CE can convert the e-waste challenge into a driver of green economic growth and global resource security.