Nanofibers have emerged as revolutionary material for advanced filtration technologies, particularly for the development of high-performance nano filters for air and water purification. Due to their exceptional characteristics, namely a high surface area-to-volume ratio, high porosity, and controllable nanometer-scale pore size, nanofiber-based membranes significant lysurpass conventional filter media in filtration efficiency and flow rate. This review summarizes the dominant nanofiber production techniques, primarily electrospinning, and critically examines the resulting nanofiller performance, applications, and future challenges in industrial scalability and sustainability.